This document is provided by RBC Global Asset Management (RBC GAM) for informational purposes only and is intended for institutional or professional investors only. It may not be reproduced, distributed or published without RBC GAM’s prior written consent. This document does not constitute an offer or a solicitation to buy or to sell any security, product or service in any jurisdiction, nor is it intended to provide any advice of any kind. This document is not available for distribution to people in jurisdictions where such distribution would be prohibited.

RBC GAM is the asset management division of Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) which includes the following affiliates around the world, all indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of RBC: RBC Global Asset Management Inc. (including Phillips, Hager & North Investment Management), RBC Global Asset Management (U.S.) Inc., RBC Alternative Asset Management Inc., RBC Global Asset Management (UK) Limited, RBC Investment Management (Asia) Limited, BlueBay Asset Management LLP, and BlueBay Asset Management USA LLC. is it intended to provide any advice of any kind. This document is not available for distribution to people in jurisdictions where such distribution would be prohibited.

In Canada, this document is provided by RBC Global Asset Management Inc. which is regulated by each provincial and territorial securities commission with which it is registered. In the United States, this document is provided by RBC Global Asset Management (U.S.) Inc., a federally registered investment adviser. In the United Kingdom, Europe and the Middle East, this document is provided by RBC Global Asset Management (UK) Limited, which is authorised and regulated by the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). In Hong Kong, this document is provided by RBC Investment Management (Asia) Limited, which is registered with the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) in Hong Kong. is it intended to provide any advice of any kind. This document is not available for distribution to people in jurisdictions where such distribution would be prohibited.

Past performance is not indicative of future results. All views, opinions and estimates expressed herein are as at the date(s) indicated, are subject to change without notice, and are provided in good faith but without legal responsibility. To the full extent permitted by law, neither RBC GAM nor any affiliate nor any other person accepts liability for direct or consequential loss arising from any use of the information contained herein. Information obtained from third parties is believed to be reliable, but no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made by RBC GAM as to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. RBC GAM assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. is it intended to provide any advice of any kind. This document is not available for distribution to people in jurisdictions where such distribution would be prohibited.

Some of the statements contained in this document may be considered forward-looking statements which provide current expectations or forecasts of future results or events. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and involve risks and uncertainties. Do not place undue reliance on these statements because actual results or events may differ materially from those described in such forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. Before making any investment decisions, we encourage you to consider all relevant factors carefully. is it intended to provide any advice of any kind. This document is not available for distribution to people in jurisdictions where such distribution would be prohibited.

®/™ Trademark(s) of Royal Bank of Canada. Used under licence. © RBC Global Asset Management Inc., 2019. Publication date: (September 26, 2019)